INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS

February 2010  -  FM 3-39.40

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HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (p.2)

This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil).

Field Manual No. 3-39.40

Headquarters, Department of the Army

Washington, D.C., 12 February 2010

Internment and Resettlement Operations  - Contents

PREFACE ........................................................................................................... viii

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... xi

Chapter 1 INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT AND THE OPERATIONAL

ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 1-1

Conduct ............................................................................................................... 1-1

Principles ............................................................................................................. 1-3

Personnel Categories .......................................................................................... 1-5

Status Determination ........................................................................................... 1-7

Article 5 Tribunals ................................................................................................ 1-8

Appeals and Periodic Reviews of Civilian Internees ........................................... 1-9

General Protection and Care of Detainees, U.S. Military Prisoners, and

Dislocated Civilians ........................................................................................ 1-10

Agencies Concerned With Internment and Resettlement ................................. 1-12

Protecting Power ............................................................................................... 1-13

Planning Considerations for Internment and Resettlement Operations ............ 1-14

Military Police Capabilities ................................................................................ 1-16

Chapter 2 INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE SPECTRUM OF

OPERATIONS ..................................................................................................... 2-1

Support to Combat Operations ........................................................................... 2-1

Support to Stability Operations .......................................................................... 2-3

Support to Civil Support Operations ................................................................... 2-8

Army Command and Support Relationships ....................................................... 2-8

Considerations Within the Operational Area and the Area of Operations ........... 2-9

Chapter 3 COMMAND AND STAFF ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................... 3-1

National and Theater Reporting Agencies .......................................................... 3-1

Roles and Responsibilities................................................................................... 3-2

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 8 December 2008. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-TDD-M, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929.

*This publication supersedes FM 3-19.40, 4 September 2007.

Contents

Joint Interrogation and Debriefing Center Commander/Military Intelligence

Battalion ............................................................................................................. 3-7

Intelligence Analysts ........................................................................................... 3-8

Human Intelligence Collectors ............................................................................   3-8

Interpreters and Translators................................................................................   3-9

Military Police Organizations in Support of Internment and Resettlement

Operations ......................................................................................................   3-10

Staff Duties and Responsibilities in Support of Internment and Resettlement .  .........3-12

Guard Force ...................................................................................................... 3-18

Chapter 4 CAPTURE, INITIAL DETENTION, AND SCREENING .............................  4-1

Detainee Flow .....................................................................................................4-1

Detainee Processing .......................................................................................... 4-5

Custody and Accountability of Property, Evidence, and Intelligence

Information .....................................................................................................   4-12

Detainee Movement .......................................................................................... 4-15

Methods of Transportation ................................................................................  4-16

Detainee Release ............................................................................................ .4-19

Chapter 5 DETAINEE OPERATIONS .............................................................   .  5-1

Command and Control ........................................................................................5-1

Planning Considerations .................................................................................... 5-2

Intelligence and Interrogation..............................................................................  5-3

Medical Support ............................................................................................... 5-6

Dental Support ...................................................................................................5-8

Specific Detainee Support Requirements ...........................................................   5-9

Detainee Deaths ............................................................................................... 5-13

Legal Considerations ........................................................................................ 5-14

Chapter 6 DETAINEE FACILITIES ................................................................... .. 6-1

General Considerations ...................................................................................... 6-1

Detainee Collection Point ................................................................................... 6-4

Detainee Holding Area ...................................................................................... 6-10

Fixed Detainee Internment Facilities ................................................................. 6-14

Theater Internment Facility ............................................................................... 6-17

Strategic Internment Facility .......................................................................... . 6-37

Transfers or Releases ..................................................................................... 6-38

Chapter 7 CONFINEMENT OF U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS ............................. 7-1

U.S. Battlefield Confinement Operations Principles ........................................... 7-1

Planning Process for U.S. Military Prisoners .....................................................7-1

Battlefield Facilities ....................................................................................... 7-2

Processing, Classification, and Identification Requirements .............................. 7-3

Clothing, Meals, and Dining Facilities ............................................................. 7-4

Medical Care and Sanitation .......................................................................... 7-5

Discipline, Control, and Administration ........................................................... 7-6

Emergency Planning and Investigations ......................................................... 7-11

Rules of Interaction ...................................................................................... 7-12

Use of Force ............................................................................................... 7-12

Escape ...................................................................................................... 7-12

Transportation ............................................................................................. 7-13

Transfer and Disposition of U.S. Military Prisoners .......................................... 7-13

Chapter 8 REHABILITATION OF U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS AND DETAINEES ..8-1

Rehabilitation ............................................................................................... 8-1

Section I – U.S. Military Prisoners ................................................................. 8-2

Programs .................................................................................................... 8-2

Disposition Boards ......................................................................................  8-2

Section II – Detainees .................................................................................. 8-7

Programs ................................................................................................... 8-7

Rehabilitation Programs ......................................................................... .... 8-10

Chapter 9 PAROLE, TRANSFER, OR RELEASE OF U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS

AND DETAINEES ....................................................................................... 9-1

Release of U.S. Military Prisoners ................................................................ 9-1

Release or Transfer of Detainees .................................................................. 9-5

Transition of Detainee Operations to Civil Authority Penal Systems ................. 9-9

Chapter 10 RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS ................................................ 10-1

Introduction................................................................................................. 10-1

Objectives and Considerations ..................................................................... 10-1

Civil-Military and Resettlement Operations .................................................... 10-2

Responsibilities for Civil Affairs Activities ...................................................... 10-2

Supporting Organizations ........................................................................... 10-6

Planning Considerations ............................................................................. 10-6

Military Police Support to Resettlement Operations ....................................... 10-9

Dislocated Civilian Operations ..................................................................... 10-11

Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART .......................................  ............... A-1

Appendix B PRIMARY MILITARY POLICE UNITS INVOLVED WITH INTERNMENT AND

RESETTLEMENT .............................................................................................. B-1

Appendix C CONTRACTOR SUPPORT ............................................................... C-1

Appendix D THE APPLICATION OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS TO INTERNMENT

AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS .............................................................    D-1

Appendix E AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT

OPERATIONS .................................................................................................. E-1

Appendix F SAMPLE FACILITY INSPECTION CHECKLIST .................................. F-1

Appendix G INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT FORMS ................................. G-1

Appendix H USE OF FORCE AND RIOT CONTROL MEASURES ......................... H-1

Appendix I MEDICAL SUPPORT TO DETAINEE OPERATIONS ............................ I-1

Appendix J FACILITY DESIGNS AND SUSTAINMENT CONSIDERATIONS ............ J-1

Appendix K PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT TO INTERNMENT AND

RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS ................................................................... .. K-1

Appendix L GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING EVIDENCE ...................................... L-1

Appendix M BIOMETRICS ............................................................................... M-1

Appendix N FOREIGN CONFINEMENT OFFICER TRAINING PROGRAM

GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1

REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1

INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1

Figures

Figure 1-1. I/R populations ............................................................................................... 1-2

Figure 4-1. Detainee flow ................................................................................................. 4-2

Figure 4-2. POC to TIF detainee flow .............................................................................. 4-3

Figure 4-4. Movement by bus ........................................................................................ 4-16

Figure 4-5. Movement by cargo truck ............................................................................ 4-16

Figure 4-6. Movement by rail ......................................................................................... 4-17

Figure 4-7. Movement by CH-47 and UH-60 ................................................................. 4-17

Figure 4-8. Movement by C-130 aircraft ........................................................................ 4-18

Figure 6-1. Bed-down and basing continuum .................................................................. 6-2

Figure 6-2. Example of a DCP layout .............................................................................. 6-5

Figure 6-3. C2 within the BCT and the DCP .................................................................... 6-6

Figure 6-4. Example of a DHA ....................................................................................... 6-10

Figure 6-5. C2 within the division and DHA ................................................................... 6-11

Figure 6-6. ISN ......................................................................................................... 6-16

Figure 6-7. Sample TIF C2 in the theater with single or multiple small TIFs ................. 6-18

Figure 6-8. Sample TIF C2 in the theater with an MPC and multiple TIF ...................... 6-19

Figure 9-1. Detainee reintegration considerations ...................................................... 9-9

Figure 10-1. Sample facility rules............................................................................. 10-14

Figure D-1. Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions ......................................... D-2

Figure F-1. Sample internment facility inspection checklist ......................................... F-1

Figure F-1. Sample internment facility inspection checklist (continued) ........................ F-3

Figure H-1. Use-of-force continuum ........................................................................... H-2

Figure J-1. 4,000-capacity I/R facility for compliant detainees ...................................... J-2

Figure J-2. 8,000-capacity I/R facility for DCs............................................................. J-3

Figure J-3. 300-capacity I/R facility for U.S. military prisoners or noncompliant

detainees ...................................................................................................... J-4

Figure J-4. 500-person compound ............................................................................ J-7

Figure J-5. Detainee receiving and processing operation ............................................. J-10

Figure J-6. Clothing markings .................................................................................. J-16

Tables

Table 4-1. Detainee operations functional overview ..................................................... 4-6

Table 4-2. POC processing standards ...................................................................... 4-9

Table 5-1. Military police versus HUMINT responsibilities ........................................... 5-4

Table 6-1. Nine-station internment process .............................................................. 6-22

Table 6-2. Detainee transfer or release process from a TIF/SIF .................................. 6-39

Table 6-2. Detainee transfer or release process from a TIF/SIF (continued) .........  ...... 6-40

Table 7-1. Facility guards’ duties and actions .......................................................... 7-9

Table 7-2. Good conduct time ................................................................................ 7-10

Table 9-1. The detainee release process from long-term detention ............................. 9-7

Table 10-1. Actions during inprocessing ................................................................. 10-10

Table A-1. Metric conversion chart ......................................................................... A-1

Table G-1. I/R forms ............................................................................................. G-1

Table J-1. Sample individual equipment .................................................................. J-17

Preface

Field manual (FM) 3-39.40 is aligned with FM 3-39, the military police keystone FM. FM 3-39.40 provides guidance for commanders and staffs on internment and resettlement (I/R) operations. This manual addresses I/R operations across the spectrum of conflict, specifically the doctrinal paradigm shift from traditional enemy prisoner of war (EPW) operations to the broader and more inclusive requirements of detainee operations.

Additionally, FM 3-39.40 discusses the critical issue of detainee rehabilitation. It describes the doctrinal foundation, principles, and processes that military police and other elements will employ when dealing with I/R populations. As part of internment, these populations include U.S. military prisoners, and multiple categories of detainees (civilian internees [CIs], retained personnel [RP], and enemy combatants), while resettlement operations are focused on multiple categories of dislocated civilians (DCs).

Military police conduct I/R operations during offensive, defensive, stability, or civil support operations. I/R operations include military police support to U.S. military prisoner and detainee operations within operational environments (OEs), ranging from major combat operations to humanitarian-assistance missions in support of a host nation (HN) or civil agency. I/R operations are a major subordinate Army tactical task under the sustainment warfighting function. (See FM 7-15.) Placement under the sustainment warfighting function does

not mean that I/R operations do not have relevance in the other warfighting functions. While I/R is listed under the sustainment warfighting function, it should be noted this is not a specified or implied mission of all sustainment units or commands. Most sustainment units provide logistics, personnel services, and health service support to I/R operations.

Military police are uniquely qualified to perform the full range of I/R operations. They have the requisite skill sets provided through specific training and operational experience. The skills necessary for performing confinement operations for U.S. military prisoners in permanent facilities are directly transferable and adaptable for tactical confinement of U.S. military prisoners and detention of detainees. All military police units are specifically manned, equipped, and trained to perform I/R operations across the spectrum and those identified as I/R units are the specialists within the Army for this role.

FM 3-39.40 depicts the changes in terminology from the focus on the contiguous battlefield to reflect the types of operations being conducted in today’s OEs. These changes address the modifications made to previous EPW processing operations. The terms division forward, central collection point, and corps holding area no longer apply. They have been replaced with the terms detainee collection point (DCP) (brigade level), detainee holding area (DHA) (division level), theater internment facility (TIF), and strategic internment facility (SIF).

This manual recognizes the role of police intelligence operations in I/R operations and enhances the critical importance of military police and military intelligence interaction at all echelons. It further highlights the long-standing requirement to treat all individuals humanely according to applicable U.S. laws and regulations, international laws, execution orders, fragmentary orders (FRAGOs), and other operationally specific guidelines such as Department of Defense (DOD) policies. Moreover, it stipulates that ill treatment of U.S. military prisoners, detainees (EPWs, CIs, and RP), and DCs is strictly prohibited, regardless of any circumstances or the chaos of major operations.

FM 3-39.40 aligns with FM 3-0, FM 3-39, FM 7-15, and other Army and joint doctrine, to include Joint Publication (JP) 3-63. This manual is organized into 10 chapters with 14 appendixes to provide additional details on I/R topics. Chapters 1 through 3 follow the flow of FM 3-39, and describe the military police function of I/R operations. Chapters 4 through 6 focus primarily on detainee operations, to include planning, preparing, executing, and sustaining all I/R operations. Chapters 7 through 10 focus on the confinement of U.S. military prisoners, rehabilitative programs for U.S. military prisoners and detainees, parole and release or transfer programs, and resettlement operations for DCs. A brief description of each chapter and appendix follows:

  • Chapter 1 defines the objectives and principles of I/R operations and describes U.S. policies on the protection and care of all detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs. It also emphasizes the fundamental requirement for the humane treatment of all persons captured, held, assisted, or otherwise under the control of DOD personnel, regardless of their individual status.

Chapter 2 provides a description of I/R in support of operations across the spectrum of conflict. It examines the OE and the significant importance of I/R to tactical, operational, and strategic operations.

Additionally, it discusses the importance of integrating detainee operations within the overarching efforts in major engagements.

  • Chapter 3 discusses command and staff roles and their respective responsibilities in resourcing and synchronizing the efforts of multidisciplined functions and personnel. Clear command and control (C2) is essential for seamless operations to ensure that the principles of I/R operations are realized.

    •

  • Chapter 4 focuses on detainee operations planning and considerations. It includes a discussion on integrating intelligence and interrogation operations. Emphasis is placed on the treatment and protection of detainees, use of force, and training for detainee operations.

  • Chapter 5 provides information on the capture and initial detention and screening of detainees.

  • Chapter 6 discusses facility infrastructure considerations at all levels. Successful operations include the effective incorporation of sustainment support. This chapter describes the integrated sustainment effort required to support I/R operations.

  • Chapter 7 discusses the confinement of U.S. military prisoners, to include battlefield and nonbattlefield confinement.

  • Chapter 8 provides a discussion of the rehabilitative processes for confined U.S. military prisoners and detainees, to include effective measures that ensure a successful return to society.

  • Chapter 9 addresses the processes of paroling, transferring, or releasing U.S. military prisoners and detainees.

  • Chapter 10 provides an overview of resettlement operations for DCs. It describes the objectives and principles, supporting organizations, and military police support of resettlement operations.

  • Appendix A is a metric conversion chart that is included according to Army Regulation (AR) 25-30.

  • Appendix B identifies military police units with I/R capabilities that may be assigned to the theater of operations.

  • Appendix C describes requirements and activities associated with the employment of contractors during support to detainee operations.

  • Appendix D describes the intent of the protections given by each of the four Geneva Conventions, the different categories of individuals under these treaties as required by international humanitarian law, and the requirement to establish a tribunal to determine the status of an individual in question.

    •

  • Appendix E provides background information and considerations for operating with the various agencies typically concerned with I/R operations.

  • Appendix F provides a sample facility checklist for planning considerations when conducting detainee operations at the TIF or SIF.

  • Appendix G consists of forms used when processing and maintaining I/R populations.

  • Appendix H provides guidance for applying the rules for use of force (RUF) and implementing nonlethal weapons (NLWs) and riot control measures.

  • Appendix I outlines health support to be provided during I/R operations.

  • Appendix J provides guidance for the design and construction of I/R facilities and the associated sustainment requirements for establishing I/R facilities.

  • Appendix K describes the psychological operations (PSYOP), practices, and procedures to support I/R operations.

  • Appendix L provides general guidelines for the handling of captured material and documents that could be used as evidence in legal proceedings against captured persons suspected of crimes against humanity, terrorism, war crimes, and other crimes.

  • Appendix M addresses biometrics and military police considerations for their use in I/R operations and biometrics and military police considerations for their use in I/R operations and facility management.

  • • Appendix N provides tactics, techniques, and procedures for establishing and maintaining a foreign confinement officer training program.

Definitions for which FM 3-39.40 is the proponent publication (the authority) are in boldfaced text and have an asterisk in the glossary. These terms and their definitions will be incorporated into the next revision of FM 1-02.

For other definitions in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition.

This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/the Army National Guard of the United States, and the U.S. Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.

The proponent for this publication is the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-TDD-M, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. Submit an electronic DA Form 2028 or comments and recommendations in the DA Form 2028 format by e-mail to <leon.mdottddmpdoc@ conus.army.mil>.

Introduction

I/R operations facilitate the ability to conduct rapid and decisive combat operations; deter, mitigate, and defeat threats to populations that may result in conflict; reverse conditions of human suffering; and build the capacity of a foreign government to effectively care for and govern its population. This includes capabilities to conduct shaping operations across the spectrum of military operations to mitigate and defeat the underlying conditions for conflict and counter the core motivations that result in support to criminal, terrorist, insurgent, and other destabilizing groups. I/R operations also include the daily incarceration of U.S. military prisoners at facilities throughout the world.

This manual continues the evolution of the I/R function to support the changing nature of OEs. In light of persistent armed conflict and social turmoil throughout the world, the effects on populations remain a compelling issue. The world population will increase from 6 billion to 9 billion in the next two decades, with 95 percent of the growth occurring in the developing world. By 2030, 60 percent of the world’s population will live in urban areas. Coexisting demographically and ethnically, diverse societies will aggressively compete for limited resources.

Typically, overpopulated third world societies suffer from a lack of legitimate and effective enforcement mechanisms, which is generally accepted as one of the cornerstones of a stable society. Stability within a population may eliminate the need for direct military intervention. The goal of military police conducting detainee operations is to provide stability within the population, its institutions, and its infrastructure. In this rapidly changing and dynamic strategic environment, U.S. forces will compete with local populations for the same space, routes, and resources. The modular force’s ability to positively influence and shape the opinions, attitudes, and behaviors of select populations is critical to tactical, operational, and strategic success.

An adaptive enemy will manipulate populations that are hostile to U.S. intent by instigating mass civil disobedience, directing criminal activity, masking their operations in urban and other complex terrain, maintaining an indistinguishable presence through cultural anonymity, and actively seeking the traditional sanctuary of protected areas as defined by the rules of land warfare. Such actions will facilitate the dispersal of threat forces, negate technological overmatches, and degrade targeting opportunities. Commanders will use technology and conduct police intelligence operations to influence and control populations, evacuate detainees and, conclusively, transition rehabilitative and reconciliation operations to other functional agencies. The combat identification of friend, foe, or neutral is used to differentiate combatants from noncombatants and friendly forces from threat forces.

FM 3-39.40 is written with the acknowledgement that today’s OEs are much more variable than the environments addressed in previous doctrine. Military police must be prepared to deploy into any OE and conduct I/R operations in support of the commander while dealing with a wide range of threats and other influences. This manual builds on the collective knowledge and wisdom gained through recent operations, numerous lessons learned, doctrine revisions, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning throughout the Army. It is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and organizational changes.

This iteration of FM 3-39.40 has been driven by a lack of existing doctrine for the rehabilitation and reconciliation of detainees and changes in OEs, the Army structure, and Army and joint doctrine. Changes not already mentioned above that have directly affected this manual include the—

  • Integration of I/R operations within the overarching counterinsurgency or irregular warfare efforts of current operations.

  • Development of terms of reference for detainee typology and standardization of procedures for detainee assessment. Note. Recent decisions by the Executive Branch have adjusted the typology in JP 3-63.

  • Implementation of standardized programs and methods for rehabilitation, reconciliation, and repatriation of detainees.

  • Planning, employment, and sustainment of military police capabilities in support of all echelons while conducting I/R operations.

  • Alignment of I/R operations with the sustainment warfighting function.

  • Technological and doctrinal updates to material in other publications.

The foundations of military police operations provided in this manual, together with related military police doctrine, will support the actions and decisions of commanders at all levels. Like FM 3-39, this manual is not meant to be a substitute for thought and initiative among military police leaders and Soldiers. No matter how robust the doctrine or advanced the military police capabilities and systems, it is the military police Soldier who must understand the OE, recognize shortfalls, and adapt to the situation on the ground. It is the adaptable and professional military police Soldiers of the Military Police Corps Regiment who are most important to the future and must successfully perform their basic skills to accomplish the mission, with or without technology assistance.

Chapter 1

Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment

I/R operations include a complex set of activities with diverse requirements that require clear and concise guidelines, policies, and procedures to ensure success. They are present to one degree or another in every OE. (For a greater understanding of the OE, its variables, and the effect of I/R operations on the OE see FM 3-0 and FM 3-39.) Military police leaders and Soldiers conducting I/R operations must maintain task proficiency for every category of detainee, U.S. military prisoner, and DC to ensure adherence to relevant standards for each.

The expanding complexity and challenging nature of I/R operations must be appreciated and understood. This chapter defines the objectives and principles of I/R operations and describes U.S. policies on the protection and care of all detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs.

It emphasizes the fundamental requirement for the humane treatment of all persons captured, held, assisted, or otherwise under the control of DOD personnel (military, civilian, or contractor), regardless of their individual status. This chapter provides key definitions set forth by Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (GWS), Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (GWS SEA), Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GPW), and Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (GC); the Hague Conventions; Department of Defense directives (DODDs), Department of Defense instructions

(DODI), and policies; Army regulations (ARs); and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). It also explains the diverse nature of I/R populations that military police will encounter and specific requirements for various I/R operations.

AR 190-47 stipulates that U.S. military prisoners have additional standards of care given their specific rights as U.S. citizens and will be confined separately from detainees. Specific detainee classifications do not preclude protections granted according to AR 190-8, DODD 2310.01E, DODD 2311.01E, DODD 3115.09, and the Geneva Conventions. (See JP 3-63 for more information on detainee operations.)

CONDUCT

1-1. I/R operations include the two major categories of internment operations and resettlement operations. They are further refined to focus on specific types of detainees and U.S. military prisoners while discriminating between CIs included as part of internment operations and those DCs that may be retained as part of resettlement operations. (See chapter 10.) Figure 1-1, page 1-2, highlights the different categories of I/R populations.   [See boxes on p. 14]

Legend:

CI   Civilian internee

DC  Dislocated civilian

EP  Enemy prisoner of war

I/R   Internment/resettlement

RP   Retained personell

P. 24

AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT

1-40. External involvement in I/R missions is a fact of life for military police organizations. Some government and government-sponsored entities that may be involved in I/R missions include—

􀁺 International agencies.

􀂄 UN.

􀁺 U.S. agencies.

1-41. The U.S. Army National Detainee Reporting Center (NDRC), supported by theater detainee reporting centers (TDRCs), detainee accountability, including reporting to the ICRC central tracing agency.

1-42. There are also numerous private relief  organizations, foreign and domestic, that will likely be involved in the humanitarian aspects of I/R operations. Likewise, the news media normally provides extensive coverage of I/R operations. Adding to the complexity of these operations is the fact that DOD is often not the lead agency. For instance, the DOD could be tasked in a supporting role, with the Department of State or some other agency in the lead. (See appendix E.)

CIVILIAN ORGANIZATIONS

1-43. The most effective way for U.S. armed forces to understand the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of nonmilitary organizations is through the Military Education System and through the establishment and/or maintenance of a liaison once deployed to the operational area. In addition, having those organizations provide briefings on their capabilities and limitations to each other and to the military is an effective method to gain understanding on both sides to support the mission.

1-44. Civilian organizations are responsible for a wide range of activities encompassing humanitarian aid; human rights; the protection of minorities, refugees, and displaced persons; legal assistance; medical care; reconstruction of the local infrastructure; agriculture; education; and general project funding. It is critical importance that commanders and their staffs understand the mandate, role, structure, method, and principles of these organizations. It is impossible to establish an effective relationship with them without this understanding.

1-45. Civilian organizations may already be providing humanitarian-assistance or some type of relief in the operational area when I/R operations are planned and implemented. (See appendix E.) The principal coordinating federal agency is the U.S. Agency for International Development. Civilian organizations are required to register with the U.S. Agency for International Development to operate under the auspices of the United States.

1-46. A detailed description of nonmilitary U.S. government agencies typically involved in I/R operations is contained in appendix E. The non-U.S. government organizations most likely to be encountered during I/R operations are international humanitarian organizations. These are impartial, neutral, and independent organizations whose mission is to assist and protect victims of conflict. This group includes organizations such as the ICRC, the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC), and the Red Crescent Societies. They carefully guard their neutrality and do not desire to be associated with or dependent on the military for fear of losing their special status in the international community that allows them to fulfill their mission.

The two principal types of non-U.S. government civilian organizations are—

􀁺 IOs.  IOs are established by international agreements and operate at the nation-to-nation level. IOs include the UN, the UN Development Program, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the UN World Food Program, and the International Medical Corps. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees is a key player in international detainee operations.

􀁺 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs are voluntary organizations that are not normally funded by governments. They are primarily nonprofit organizations that self-define their missions and philosophies. This independence from political interests is the key attribute of NGOs and can be a great benefit in rebuilding relations when political dialog has failed or is not practicable. They are often highly professional in their field, extremely well motivated, and prepared to take physical risks in appalling conditions. Examples of NGOs include Save the Children, Medecins Sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders), Catholic Relief Services, and Catholic Bishops Council. NGOs are classified as mandated or nonmandated as described below:

  • A mandated NGO has been officially recognized by the lead IO in a crisis and is authorized to work in the affected area. The ICRC is an example of a mandated NGO.

  • A nonmandated NGO has no official recognition or authorization and, therefore, works as a private concern. These organizations may be subcontracted by an IO or mandated NGO. In other cases, they obtain funds from private enterprises and donors. Catholic Relief Services is an example of a nonmandated NGO.

UNITED NATIONS

1-47. The UN is involved in the entire spectrum of humanitarian-assistance operations, from suffering prevention to relief operations. Typically, UN relief agencies establish independent networks to execute their humanitarian-relief operations. The UN system delegates as much as possible to the agency’s elements located in the field; supervisory and support networks are traced from those field officers back to UN headquarters. Military planners must familiarize themselves with UN objectives so that these objectives are considered in planning and executing military operations. (See appendix E.)

PROTECTING POWER

1-48. The primary power duty of the protecting power is to monitor whether detainees are receiving humane treatment as required by international laws. A neutral state or a humanitarian organization, such as the ICRC, is usually designated as a protecting power. Representatives or delegates of a protecting power are authorized to visit detainees and interview them regarding the conditions of their detention, their welfare, and their rights. Depending on the circumstances, they may conduct interviews without witnesses. Such visits may not be prohibited except for reasons of imperative military necessity.

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT

1-49. The ICRC, IFRC, and individual national Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations make up the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. These groups are distinctly different and have separate mandates and staff organizations. They should not be considered to be one organization. Although the ICRC was founded in Switzerland, it has a long and distinguished history of worldwide operation as a neutral intermediary in armed conflicts. The mission of the ICRC is to ensure that victims of conflict receive appropriate protection and assistance within the scope of the Geneva Conventions and Geneva Protocol II.

Note. The Red Crescent Movement is found in predominately Muslim countries and has the same goals and mission as the Red Cross Movement. (p.26)

Chapter 8 (pp. 168-169)  [Re-education, brainwashing]

8-41. Religious discussion groups may also be offered to detainees as a program to educate them on specific aspects of their religion. The program should be taught by vetted religious leaders of the same religious affiliation as the detainees. The program educates detainees on the nationally accepted teachings of their religion as viewed by the HN  [host nation] society. During the program, detainees are brought together with religious leaders and scholars to focus on major teaching points of dogma. The program may be valuable in curbing extreme fanaticism that may be a catalyst for violence within the detainees’ world view.

8-42. A liberal arts education has been described as “the foundation of the rehabilitation process.” A curriculum such as politics, HN  [host nation]constitution, and the structure of the HN government provides more fluency in discussing these topics, and detainees will better appreciate their situation and how they can peacefully contribute to its success.... (p. 168)

RELIGIOUS DISCUSSION GROUPS

8-43. The detention facility commander may approve religious discussion groups within the facility. The goal for religious groups is to provide religious support to detainees and moderate extremists within the facility. This is above and beyond the standard clerical support that is required and provided in the course of normal detention operations. Clerical leaders who are chosen to participate must be carefully vetted and are typically selected from moderate elements of their respective religions. Religious discussion is never forced on a detainee; participation in this program is voluntary.

8-44. Extremists participating in religious discussion groups may be tempered by the more moderate philosophy and reinforced by socialization with other more moderate detainees. It is also possible that religious extremists may reject a moderate interpretation of their religion and detract from efforts to present a moderate approach. Many extremists may not participate, fearing that the facility-sanctioned advocate is a cooperative spiritual leader.

Detention facility commanders must allow autonomy, within established security requirements, for religious leaders and instructors. The only way that moderate leaders retain credibility is by operating on their own — forced sessions of “religious reeducation” only discredit a religious leader to those who are receptive and have little impact on those who are inherently beyond reconciliation. Detainees may also use personal time to engage in worship or religious study on their own. The detention system may wish to implement instruction in “social intervention” based on HN principles, rather than straight doctrinal dogma. (p. 168)

TEAMING

8-45. Socialization is an important component of prison populations. The detention system is composed of teams to mitigate the potential for socialization and indoctrination that is counter to U.S. and HN interests and to shape positive socialization and influence. This allows detainee opportunities for social development, integration, and exposure to the perspectives of others within a group that is populated in a manner which reduces the likelihood of disruptive, criminal, or antisocial behavior. Following initial evaluation and assessment, detainees are placed on an existing team. Just as individuals are segregated upon apprehension for security and information-gathering purposes, the detention population is similarly segregated and recombined in elements that facilitate security and information gathering and shaping of the detainee social network. (p. 168)

8-46. A team established within the detention facility conducts all activities as a group. The team leader serves as the liaison with detention staff and conveys fellow detainees’ sentiments. Teams aid in converting detention into a rehabilitative environment, rather than one that is punitive or idle. Teams do not eliminate extremism or recidivism, nor do they create jobs. However, they may diminish the prevalence or need to engage in profitable criminal behavior because released detainees are better equipped to function appropriately in society. (p. 168-169)

Page 69 states

DETAINEE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE

Silence. Prevent detainees from communicating with one another or making audible clamor such as chanting, singing, or praying. Silence uncooperative detainees by muffling them with a soft, clean cloth tied around their mouths and fastened at the backs of their heads. Do not use duct tape or other adhesives, place a cloth or either objects inside the mouth, or apply physical force to silence detainees.